Tipitaka >> Sutta Pitaka >> Khuddaka Nikaya >> Jataka >>Kulāvaka-Jātaka
Source: Adapted from Archaic translation by Robert Chalmers[]
JATAKA No. 31
KULAVAKA-JATAKA
"Let all the forest's nestlings."
--This story was told by the Master while at Jetavana monastery, about a brother(Monk) who drank water without straining it (*1).
Tradition says that two young Brothers who were friends went from Shravasti city into the country, and took up their dwelling in a pleasant spot. After staying here as long as they wanted, they departed and set out for Jetavana monastery in order to see the Perfect Buddha.
One of them carried a strainer; the other had none; so both of them used the same strainer before drinking. One day they fell out. The owner of the strainer did not lend it to his companion, but strained and drank alone by himself.
As the other was not allowed the strainer, and as he could not endure his thirst, he drank water without straining it. In due course both reached Jetavana monastery and with respectful salutation to the Master took their seats. After friendly words of greeting, he asked from where they had come.
"Sir," said they, "we have been living in a village in the Kosala country, from where we have come in order to see you." "I trust you have arrived as good friends as you started?" Said the brother(Monk) without a strainer, "Sir, he fell out with me on the road and would not lend me his strainer.", Said the other, "Sir, he didn't strain his water, but--wittingly--drank it down with all the living things it contained." "Is this report true, Brother(Monk), that you willingly drank off water with all the living things it contained?" "Yes, sir, I did drink unstrained water," was the reply. "Brother(Monk), the wise and good of past days, when flying in defeat along the deep in the days of their power to govern over the City of the Devas(Angels), thought contempt to kill living-creatures in order to secure power for themselves. Rather, they turned their chariot back, sacrificing great glory in order to save the lives of the young of the Garulas (*2)." And, so saying, he told this story of the past.
Once upon a time there was a king of Magadha reigning at Rajgraha city in the land of Magadha. Then Bodhisattva as Sakka(Indra, King of gods/angels) after his life term(in heaven) was over, came to life in the village of Macala in the land of Magadha, as a young (human) Bodhisattva. When the day for his naming came, he was named 'Magha Kumar,' but when he grew up, it was as 'Magha the Man' that he was known. His parents took a wife for him from a family of equal rank with their own; and he, with a family of sons and daughters growing up round him, excelled in charity, and kept the Five Commandments(Silas):
- Note 5 Silas:
- 1. Not to destroys life(non-killing).
- 2. Not taking what is not given(non-stealing).
- 3. No misconduct sexually.
- 4. Not speaking lies.
- 5. Not drinking strong drink(non-intoxication).
In that village there were just thirty families, and one day the men were standing in the middle of the village transacting the affairs of the village. The Bodhisattva had kicked aside the dust from where he was standing, and was standing there in comfort, when up came another and took his stand there. Then the Bodhisattva made himself another comfortable standing-place, only to have it taken from him like the first. Again and again the Bodhisattva began afresh until he had made comfortable standing-places for every man there. Another time he put up a pavilion, which later on he pulled down, building a hall with benches and a jar of water inside. Another time these thirty men were led by the Bodhisattva to become like-minded with himself; he established them in the Five Commandments, and from then on used to go about with them doing good works. And they too doing good works, always in the Bodhisattva's company, used to get up early and swiftly move on, with razors and axes and clubs in their hands. With their clubs they used to roll out of the way all stones that lay on the four highways and other roads of the village; the trees that would strike against the axles of chariots, they cut down; rough places they made smooth; causeways they built, dug water-tanks, and built a hall; they explained charity and kept the Commandments. In this wise did the body of the villagers generally abide by the Bodhisattva's teachings and keep the Commandments.
Thought the village headman to himself, "When the men used to get drunk and commit murders and so on, I used to make a lot of money out of them not only on the price of their drinks but also by the fines and dues they paid. But now here's this young Magha Man bent on making them keep the Commandments(silas); he is putting a stop to murders and other crime." And in his rage he cried, "I'll stop them from keeping the Five Commandments(silas)!" And he went to the king, saying, "Sire, there is a band of robbers going about sacking villages and committing other villainies." When the king heard this, he asked the headman to go and bring the men before him. And away went the man and hauled up as prisoners before the king every one of those thirty men, representing them to be the rascals. Without enquiry into their doings, the king commanded rudely that they should be trampled to death by the elephant. Then they made them lie down in the king's court-yard and sent for the elephant. The Bodhisattva encouraged them, saying, "Bear in mind the Commandments(silas); love the slanderer, the king and the elephant as yourselves." And they did so.
Then the elephant was brought in to trample them to death. Yet lead him as they might, he would not approach them, but fled away trumpeting loudly. Elephant after elephant was brought up;--but they all fled away like the first. Thinking that the men must have some drug about their persons, the king ordered them to be searched. Search was made accordingly, but nothing was found;--and so they told the king. "Then they must be muttering some spell," said the king; "ask them whether they have got a spell to mutter."
The question being put to them, the Bodhisattva said they had got a spell. And this the king's people told his majesty. So the king had them all summoned to his presence and said, "Tell me your spell."
The Bodhisattva made answer, "Sire, we have no other spell than this, that not a man among the whole thirty of us destroys life, or takes what is not given, or misconducts sexually, or lies; we drink no strong drink; we exceed in lovingkindness; we show charity; we level the roads, dig tanks, and build a public hall;--this is our spell, our safeguard, and our strength."
Well-pleased with them, the king gave them all the wealth in the slanderer's house and made him their slave; and he gave them the elephant and the village to boot.
From then, doing good works to their hearts' content, they sent for a carpenter and caused him to put up a large hall at the meeting of the four highways; but as they had lost all desire for womankind, they would not let any woman share in the good work.
Now in those days there were four women in the Bodhisattva's house, whose names were Goodness(Sudhamma), Thoughtful(Citta), Joy(Nanda), and Highborn(Sujati). Of these Goodness(Sudhamma), finding herself alone with the carpenter, gave him a bribe, saying, "Brother, plan to make me the principal person in relation with this hall."
"Very good," said he. And before doing any other work on the building, he had some wood peak dried, which he fashioned and bored and made into a finished peak(top). This he wrapped up in a cloth and laid aside. When the hall was finished, and it was time to put on the top, he exclaimed, "Alas, my masters, there's one thing we have not made." "What's that?" "Why, we should have a top." "All right, let one be got." "But it can't be made out of green wood; we should have a top which had been cut some time ago, and fashioned, and bored, and laid by." "Well, what is to be done now?" "Why, have a look round to see if anybody has got such a thing in his house as a ready-made top for sale." As they. looked round accordingly, they found one in the house of Goodness(Sudhamma), but could not buy it of her for any money. "If you will make me a partner in the good work," said she, "I will give it you for nothing."
"No," was the reply, "we do not let women have a share in the good work."
Then said the carpenter to them, "My masters, what is this you say? Except the Realm of Brahma(upper heaven), there is no place from which women are excluded. Take the top, and our work will be complete."
Consenting, they took the top and completed their hall. They had benches put up, and jars of water set inside, providing also a constant supply of boiled rice. Round the hall they built a wall with a gate, strewing the space inside the wall with sand and planting a row of fan-palms outside. Thoughtful(Citta) too caused a garden to be laid out at this spot, and not a flowering or fruit-bearing tree could be named which did not grow there. Joy(Nanda), too, caused a water-tank to be dug in the same place, covered over with the five kinds of lotuses, beautiful to see. High-born(Suja) did nothing at all.
The Bodhisattva fulfilled these seven injunctions, to cherish one's mother, to cherish one's father, to honour one's elders, to speak truth, to avoid harsh speech, to avoid slander, and to shun miserliness:-
- whosoever supports his parents, honours age,
- Is gentle, friendly-spoken, slandering not,
- Civilized, truthful, lord--not slave--of anger,
- Him even the Thirty Three (*3) shall hail as Good.
Such was the praiseworthy state to which he grew, and at his life's close he passed away to be reborn in the (heaven)Realm of the Thirty-three as Sakka(Indra), king of Devas(Angels); and there too were his friends reborn.
In those days there were Asuras living in the Realm of the Thirty-three. Said Sakka(Indra), King of Devas(Angels), "What good to us is a kingdom which others share?" So he made the Asuras drink the liquor of the Devas(Angels), and when they were drunken, he had them hurled by the feet on to the steeps of Mount Sineru. They tumbled right down to 'The Asura Realm,' as it is called, a region on the lowest level of Mount Sineru, equal in extent to the Realm of the Thirty-three. Here grows a tree, resembling the Coral Tree of the Devas(Angels), which lasts for an aeon and is called the Pied Trumpet-flower. The blossoms of this tree explained them at once that this was not the Realm of Devas(Angels), for there the Coral Tree blooms. So they cried, "Old Sakka(Indra) has made us drunk and throw us into the great deep, seizing on our heavenly city." "Come," they shouted, "let us win back our own realm from him by force of arms." And up the sides of Sineru they climbed, like ants up a pillar.
Hearing the alarm given that the Asuras were up, Sakka(Indra) went out into the great deep to give them battle, but being defeated in the fight turned and fled away along crest after crest of the southern deep in his 'Chariot of Victory,' which was a hundred and fifty leagues( x 4.23 km) long.
Now as his chariot sped along the deep, it came to the Forest of the Silk-Cotton Trees. Along the track of the chariot these mighty trees were mowed down like so many palms, and fell into the deep. And as the young of the Garulas hurtled through the deep, loud were their shrieks. Said Sakka(Indra) to Matali, his charioteer, "Matali, my friend, what manner of noise is this? How heartrending it sounds." "Sire, it is the united cry of the young Garulas in the agony of their fear, as their forest is uprooted by the rush of your chariot." Said the Great Being, "Let them not be troubled because of me, friend Matali. Let us not, for empire's sake, so act as to destroy life. Rather will I, for their sake, give my life as a sacrifice to the Asuras. Turn the chariot back." And so saying, he repeated this stanza:-
- Let all the forest's nestlings, Matali,
- Escape our all-devouring chariot.
- I offer up, a willing sacrifice,
- My life to over there Asuras; these poor birds
- Shall not, through me, from out their nests be torn.
At the word, Matali, the charioteer, turned the chariot round, and made for the Realm of Devas(Angels) by another route. But the moment the Asuras saw him begin to turn his chariot round, they cried out that the Sakkas(Indras) of other worlds were surely coming up; "it must be his reinforcements which make him turn his chariot back again." Trembling for their lives, they all ran away and never stopped till they came to the Asura Realm. And Sakka(Indra) entering heaven, stood in the midst of his city, encircled round by an angelic assemblage of his own and of Brahma's archangels. And at that moment through the split earth there rose up the 'Palace of Victory,' some thousand leagues( x 4.23 km) high, so-called because it arose in the hour of victory. Then, to prevent the Asuras from coming back again, Sakka(Indra) had guards set in five places, concerning which it has been said:-
- Impregnable both cities stand! between,
- In fivetimes guard, watch Nagas, Garulas,
- Kumbhandas, Goblins, and the Four Great Kings!
But when Sakka(Indra) was enjoying as king of Devas(Angels) the glory of heaven, safely warded by his sentinels at these five posts, Goodness(Sudhamma) died and was reborn as a maidservant of Sakka(Indra) once more. And the effect of her gift of the top was that there arose for her a mansion--named 'Goodness(Sudhamma)'--studded with heavenly jewels, five hundred leagues( x 4.23 km) high, where, under a white heavenly canopy of royal state, sat Sakka(Indra), king of Devas(Angels), ruling men and Devas(Angels).
Thoughtful(Citta), too, died, and was once more born as a maidservant of Sakka(Indra); and the effect of her action in respect of the garden was such that there arose a garden called 'Thoughtful's Creeper-Grove.' Joy(Nanda), too, died and was reborn once more as one of Sakka(Indra)'s maidservants; and the fruit of her tank was that there arose a tank called 'Joy' after her. But Highborn(Suja), having performed no act of merit, was reborn as a crane in a grotto in the forest.
"There's no sign of Highborn(Suja)," said Sakka(Indra) to himself; "I wonder where she has been reborn." And as he considered the matter, he discovered her whereabouts. So he paid her a visit, and bringing her back with him to heaven explained her the delightful city of the Devas(Angels), the Hall of Goodness, Thoughtful's Creeper-Grove, and the Tank called Joy. "These three," said Sakka(Indra), "have been reborn as my maidservants by reason of the good works they did; but you, having done no good work, have been reborn in the brute creation. From now on keep the Commandments." And having encouraged her thus, and confirmed her in the Five Commandments(silas), he took her back and let her go free. And from then on she did keep the Commandments.
A short time afterwards, being curious to know whether she(Suja) really was able to keep the Commandments(silas), Sakka(Indra) went and lay down before her in the shape of a fish. Thinking the fish was dead, the crane seized it by the head. The fish wagged its tail. "Why, I do believe it's alive," said the crane, and let the fish go. "Very good, very good," said Sakka(Indra); "you will be able to keep the Commandments." And so saying he went away.
Dying as a crane, Highborn was reborn into the family of a potter in Benares. Wondering where she had got to, and at last discovering her whereabouts, Sakka(Indra), disguised as an old man, filled a cart with cucumbers of solid gold and sat in the middle of the village, crying, "Buy my cucumbers! buy my cucumbers!" Folk came to him and asked for them. "I only part with them to such as keep the Commandments(silas)," said he, "do you keep them?" "We don't know what you mean by your 'Commandments(silas)'; sell us the cucumbers." "No; I don't want money for my cucumbers. I give them away, but only to those that keep the Commandments." "Who is this wag?" said the folk as they turned away. Hearing of this, Highborn(Suja) thought to herself that the cucumbers must have been brought for her, and accordingly went and asked for some. "Do you keep the Commandments(silas), madam?" said he. "Yes, I do," was the reply. "It was for you alone that I brought these here," said he, and leaving cucumbers, cart and all at her door he departed.
Continuing all her life long to keep the Commandments(silas), Highborn(Suja) after her death was reborn the daughter of the Asura king Vepacittiya, and for her goodness was rewarded with the gift of great beauty. When she grew up, her father mustered the Asuras together to give his daughter her pick of them for a husband. And Sakka(Indra), who had searched and found out her whereabouts, wore the shape of an Asura, and came down, saying to himself, "If Highborn(Suja) chooses a husband really after her own heart, I shall be he."
Highborn(Suja) was dressed and brought on to the place of assembly, where she was asked to select a husband after her own heart. Looking round and observing Sakka(Indra), she was moved by her love for him in a past existence to choose him for her husband. Sakka(Indra) carried her off to the city of the Devas(Angels) and made her the chief of twenty-five millions of dancing-girls. And when his term of life ended, he passed away to fare according to his deeds.
His lesson ended, the Master rebuked that Brother(Monk) in these words, "Thus, Brethren(Monks), the wise and good of past days when they were rulers of the Devas(Angels), avoided, even at the sacrifice of their own lives, to be guilty of slaughter. And can you, who have devoted yourself to so exceptional a teaching, drink unstrained water with all the living creatures it contains?" And he showed the relation and identified the Birth, by saying, "Ananda was then Matali the charioteer, and I Sakka(Indra)."
Footnotes:
(1)As to the rules for filtering water, see Vinaya .
(2)Garulas were winged creatures of a supernatural order, the inveterate rivals of the Nagas, whose domain was the water. E.g. Jataka No. 154.
(3)One of the devalokas, or angelic realms, of Buddhist cosmology, was the Tavatimsa-bhavanam, or 'Realm of the Thirty-three,' so called because its inhabitants were subject to thirty-three Devas(Angels) headed by Sakka(Indra), the Indra of the pre-buddhist faith. Every world-system, it may here be added, had a Sakka(Indra) of its own.